Financed emissions refer to greenhouse gases that are produced as a result of an organization's investment activities. These emissions are a significant aspect of an organization's carbon footprint, often overlooked in traditional greenhouse gas accounting. Understanding and managing financed emissions is an essential part of comprehensive carbon management and sustainability strategies for any financial institution.
Financed emissions can be challenging to measure and manage due to their indirect nature. They are not produced directly by an organization's operations but are a result of its financial activities. Despite these challenges, tracking and reducing financed emissions is crucial for organizations aiming to achieve net-zero emissions and contribute to global climate change mitigation efforts.
Understanding Financed Emissions
Financed emissions are a type of Scope 3 emissions, which are indirect emissions that occur in an organization's value chain. Financed emissions are one of three parts of the global GHG accounting and reporting standard for the financial industry. While Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions come from sources that an organization owns or controls, Scope 3 emissions, including financed emissions, come from sources that the organization does not own or directly control.
Financed emissions are unique among Scope 3 emissions because they result from an organization's financial activities rather than its operational activities. This includes emissions from investments in fossil fuel projects, emissions from loans to companies in high-emitting industries, and emissions from underwritten insurance policies for high-emitting activities.
7 Types of Financed Emissions
There are several types of financed emissions, depending on the nature of the financial activity. Here are the 7 types of financed emissions:
Listed Equity & Corporate Bonds
Includes all types of corporate bonds for general corporate purposes and all listed equity like common stock and preferred stock.
Business Loans and Unlisted Equity
This encompasses all business loans and equity investments in private companies, including all loans and lines of credit for general corporate purposes to businesses, nonprofits, and other organizational structures not traded on a market.
Project Finance
Defined as loans or equities to projects for specific purposes with known use of proceeds, such as construction and operation of various types of projects.
Commercial Real Estate
This class includes on-balance sheet loans for the purchase and refinance of commercial real estate and investments in commercial properties used for income-generating activities.
Mortgages
Pertains to on-balance sheet loans for the purchase and refinance of residential properties, including individual homes and small multifamily housing.
Motor Vehicle Loans
These are on-balance sheet loans and lines of credit used to finance one or several motor vehicles, with financial institutions defining the vehicle types to include in their inventory of financed emissions.
Sovereign Debt
Comprises sovereign bonds and loans of all maturities issued in domestic or foreign currencies, leading to the transfer of funds to the borrowing country.
Measuring Financed Emissions with PCAF
Measuring financed emissions can be complex due to the indirect nature of these emissions. However, several approaches can be used to estimate financed emissions, including the use of emissions factors, financial proxies, tools like Arbor’s Carbon Calculator and portfolio carbon footprinting.
What is the Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials (PCAF)?
The Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials (PCAF) is a global partnership of financial institutions that work together to develop and implement a harmonized approach to assess and disclose the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with their loans and investments. This initiative allows financial institutions to understand and transparently report on the carbon impact of their financial activities, which is crucial for managing climate risks and aligning with broader sustainability goals. PCAF provides a standardized methodology for carbon accounting, enabling institutions to measure, manage, and reduce their carbon footprint in the financial sector.
PCAF Scoring System
The PCAF scoring system offers a sophisticated method to evaluate the carbon impact of financial institutions, grading the quality of data used in calculating greenhouse gas emissions from financial activities. This system ranges from Score 1, denoting high reliability, to Score 5, indicating a lower level of certainty.
Score 1 - High Certainty
This score represents the most reliable data, typically involving supplier-specific emission factors. An example of a Score 1 scenario could be a financial institution using precise emission factors provided directly by a supplier, ensuring highly accurate emissions data for their calculations. This level of detail is instrumental in precisely assessing the carbon footprint of specific investments or loans.
Score 5 - Low Certainty
On the other end of the spectrum, Score 5 is assigned to data that is considered less certain. An example of this might be spend-based calculations, where emissions are estimated based on the amount of money spent in a particular category or with a specific supplier. While this method provides an approximation, it lacks the specificity and reliability of supplier-specific data and is, therefore, marked with higher uncertainty.
PCAF’s Methodology
The methodology of PCAF involves a comprehensive and rigorous approach to accounting for carbon emissions related to financial activities. This methodology is designed to ensure accuracy and consistency, integrating global standards and practices in carbon accounting. It facilitates the measurement of both direct and indirect financed emissions, providing financial institutions with a robust framework for assessing their carbon impact and identifying areas for improvement.
PCAF Categories
The Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials (PCAF) breaks down financed emissions into three distinct categories to better understand and manage the carbon footprint of financial activities. These categories are vital for pinpointing the specific contributions to the overall carbon footprint and formulating effective strategies for emission reduction and sustainable investment.
Part A - Financed Emissions
This category encompasses the emissions attributed to a financial institution's loans and investments. It includes the greenhouse gases emitted by the activities or projects that the institution has funded. This detailed categorization allows financial entities to assess and address the direct environmental impact of their financing decisions.
Part B - Facilitated Emissions
Facilitated emissions refer to those emissions that a financial institution indirectly influences through its financing activities. This includes advising or facilitating transactions like mergers, acquisitions, and capital raising, which indirectly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Understanding facilitated emissions helps institutions to gauge their broader, indirect impact on the environment.
Part C - Insurance-Associated Emissions
These emissions are linked to the insurance and reinsurance activities of financial institutions. They account for the greenhouse gases associated with the projects, properties, and activities that are insured or reinsured by the institution. This category highlights the environmental implications of the insurance sector and the need for integrating sustainability into insurance practices.
Managing Financed Emissions
Managing financed emissions involves identifying and reducing the emissions associated with an organization's financial activities. This can be achieved through a variety of strategies, including divestment from high-emitting industries, investment in low-carbon alternatives, and engagement with investee companies to encourage them to reduce their emissions.
Divestment involves withdrawing investment from high-emitting industries or projects. This can be a powerful tool for reducing financed emissions, but it can also be controversial due to the potential economic impacts. Investment in low-carbon alternatives involves shifting financial resources towards industries or projects that produce fewer emissions. This can help to reduce financed emissions while also supporting the transition to a low-carbon economy.
Engagement Strategies
Engagement with investee companies is another key strategy for managing financed emissions. This involves using an organization's influence as an investor to encourage companies to reduce their emissions. Engagement can take many forms, from formal shareholder resolutions to informal discussions with company management.
Engagement can be a powerful tool for reducing financed emissions, but it requires a proactive and strategic approach. It involves not only encouraging companies to reduce their emissions, but also monitoring their progress and holding them accountable for their commitments.
Policy and Regulation
The management of financed emissions is increasingly being shaped by policy and regulation. Many jurisdictions are introducing requirements for financial institutions to disclose their financed emissions and to take steps to reduce them. These requirements are often part of broader efforts to align the financial sector with the goals of the Paris Agreement on climate change.
These policies and regulations can provide a strong incentive for organizations to manage their financed emissions. However, they also present challenges, particularly in terms of the complexity of measuring and reporting financed emissions. Organizations need to stay abreast of these developments and ensure they have the capabilities to comply with these requirements.
B15: Canadian Sustainability Guideline
Guideline B-15, issued by the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) in Canada, establishes a comprehensive framework for managing climate-related risks within federally regulated financial institutions (FRFIs). This guideline underscores the importance of a proactive and risk-based approach to climate risk management. Set to be effective from fiscal year-end 2024 for major banks and insurance groups and 2025 for other FRFIs, B15 demands that institutions incorporate climate risk considerations into their governance, risk management, and strategic planning processes. The guideline's implementation marks a significant step toward aligning the financial sector with international climate goals and enhancing the resilience of financial institutions against climate-related risks
Implications for Carbon Management
Financed emissions have significant implications for carbon management. They represent a substantial portion of an organization's carbon footprint, and managing them is crucial for achieving net-zero emissions. Moreover, financed emissions are increasingly being recognized as a key aspect of corporate responsibility and sustainability.
Managing financed emissions requires a comprehensive approach that integrates financial and environmental considerations. It involves not only reducing emissions from financial activities, but also leveraging financial resources to support the transition to a low-carbon economy. This can involve a range of strategies, from divestment and low-carbon investment to engagement and advocacy.
Role of Financial Institutions
Financial institutions play a crucial role in managing financed emissions. As the providers of capital, they have the power to influence the emissions of the companies and projects they finance. By managing their financed emissions, financial institutions can make a significant contribution to climate change mitigation.
However, managing financed emissions also presents challenges for financial institutions. It requires them to balance their financial objectives with their environmental responsibilities. It also requires them to navigate a complex and evolving landscape of policy and regulation.
Role of Non-Financial Organizations
While financial institutions are at the forefront of managing financed emissions, non-financial organizations also have a role to play. This includes companies that receive finance, as well as institutional investors such as pension funds and endowments.
Companies can reduce their financed emissions by improving their environmental performance, thereby reducing the emissions associated with their financial activities. Institutional investors can manage their financed emissions by considering environmental factors in their investment decisions and engaging with the companies in their portfolios.
Summary
Financed emissions are a critical component of an organization's carbon footprint and a key aspect of carbon management. By understanding and managing these emissions, organizations can contribute to global climate change mitigation efforts and align themselves with the goals of the Paris Agreement.
While managing financed emissions presents challenges, it also presents opportunities. It offers a chance for organizations to demonstrate their commitment to sustainability, engage with their stakeholders in meaningful ways, and contribute to the transition to a low-carbon economy.
As you navigate the complexities of financed emissions and strive for a robust carbon
management strategy, Arbor is your ally. Our platform empowers executives and project leaders like you to tackle environmental challenges with precision and ease. With Arbor's Carbon Management Platform, you can effortlessly calculate, report, and gain insights into your company's emissions, ensuring compliance and leading the charge toward sustainability. Don't let stakeholder pressure, time constraints, or unreliable data hinder your progress. Embrace the opportunity to transform your organization's carbon footprint into a competitive advantage. Talk to our sales team today and take the first step towards a more sustainable future for your company.
